UV Filters and UVA/UVB
Sun exposure damages skin through UVA and UVB rays, each contributing to aging and burning. Sunscreens rely on filters to absorb or reflect ultraviolet rays and prevent damage. Broad-spectrum protection aims to cover both wavelengths.
Filters come in chemical and mineral forms, each with distinct behavior. Chemical filters absorb light and convert it to heat, offering a light feel on the skin. Mineral filters like zinc oxide reflect and scatter UV rays, creating a more physical barrier.
When you evaluate a sunscreen, look for broad-spectrum coverage and a suitable SPF level. Consider your daily sun exposure, climate, and whether you prefer a lighter or more moisturizing feel. A well chosen filter set can remain invisible on the skin while providing durable protection.
Mineral vs chemical
Mineral filters such as zinc oxide create a physical barrier that sits on the skin. Chemical filters absorb UV light and convert it to heat, often allowing a lighter texture. Your choice may depend on skin sensitivity and activity level.
Zinc oxide is a common mineral option that offers broad protection and less tendency to irritate. Some people notice whitening or cast with mineral filters, depending on the formulation. Non whitening experiences depend on product base and particle size.
Test consistency on your skin by applying a small amount and observing for at least 24 hours. If you have sensitive eyes or reactive skin, mineral options may be kinder. For makeup wearers, consider how the sunscreen layers under foundations.
SPF and PA explained
SPF measures protection against UVB, the rays that cause redness and sunburn. PA indicates protection against UVA, which contributes to deeper skin aging. Together they signal how well a product shields from sun exposure.
Look for broad-spectrum labeling that covers both UVA and UVB. Higher SPF slows the rate of sunburn but does not guarantee complete protection, especially with prolonged sun. Reapplication is essential every two hours or after sweating or swimming.
Real world use matters: you may need higher SPF if you are outdoors for long. PA ratings provide UVA guard and can influence choice for people with hyperpigmentation concerns. Combine sunscreen with protective clothing for a comprehensive routine.
Application tips
Apply a generous, even layer to face, ears, neck, and any exposed skin. Reapply after swimming, sweating, or towel drying, even if labeled water resistant. Consider applying sunscreen as the last step of skincare before makeup, if desired.
For the face, a pea sized amount is often insufficient; you may need a nickel sized amount. Distribute in dots and blend upward for even coverage. Allow a few minutes for the product to set before applying other products.
Texture matters: mineral sunscreens can feel heavier or leave a white cast on darker skins. If whitening is a concern, look for formulations with smaller particle size or tinted options. Consider finishing with a light moisturizer or primer compatible with sunscreen for a smoother look.